The vocal cords are four bands of elastic, fibrous tissue, with two upper (superior) and two lower (inferior) ones. These are lined with mucus necessary for vocalization. The walls of this portion bulge out to form recessed areas on the sides known as laryngeal ventricles, which have extensions called laryngeal saccules that extend forward and upwards. Glottis: This portion of the larynx, also known as the glottic space, is bounded by the vestibular folds from above, and the vocal cords from below.This portion, the walls of which are lined with mucus, is just above the vocal folds, formed by the vestibular ligament as it extends from the epiglottis. Supraglottic section: Between the laryngeal opening and the vestibular folds is the vestibule of the laryngeal cavity.This fold, in turn, connects to the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages. The free-hanging lower edge is thicker and forms the vestibular ligament, which is surrounded by a mucous membrane, thereby forming the vestibular folds. There is a layer of connective tissue, the quadrangular membrane, that runs between the upper, side borders of the epiglottis and the sides of the arytenoid cartilages. As such, it’s just above the opening of the larynx, which contributes to its essential function during swallowing (see below). The upper margin of this structure is in the pharynx and originates just beneath the root of tongue. It’s also connected to the hyoid bone along the hyoepiglottic ligament, which runs from the upper, front surface of the epiglottis.
Epiglottis: Shaped like a leaf, this cartilage is covered in mucus membrane and is attached to the angle formed by the sides of the thyroid cartilage by a thyroepiglottic ligament.Each of these has an upper apex, a forward-facing vocal process, as well as muscular portions of the sides. Significantly, two paired, pyramidal arytenoid cartilages are along the upper, side portions of the wider part of the cricoid. This cartilage attaches to the thyroid cartilage via the cricothyroid ligament, and to the trachea (also known as the windpipe) via the cricotracheal ligament. It is narrower towards the front and wider in the back with a midline ridge that serves as a point of attachment for the esophagus. Cricoid cartilage: Sitting just below the thyroid cartilage, the cricoid cartilage is ring-shaped and encircles the airway it represents the lower portion of the larynx.The inferior horn attaches to the rear, side border of the cricoid cartilage. The former of these, as well as the upper margin of the larynx, attach to the hyoid bone via the thyrohyoid membrane. The rear sides of each of the lamina curl upwards into a superior horn, and downwards into a smaller, inferior horn. This structure is most prominent in post-pubescent males, and it sits just below the superior thyroid notch and just above the inferior thyroid notch, which is at the base of this cartilage. The right and left halves (laminae) fuse in the midline to create a projection forward-the laryngeal prominence, which is commonly known as the Adam’s apple. Thyroid cartilage: This largest cartilage in the larynx composes the front and side portions of its structure.
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